Lithosphere

 A. The occurrence of rock
            Lithosphere is the outer shell of a rocky planet. Lithosphere derived from the Greek word, Lithos, which means gravel, and Spere which means solid. Lithos lithosphere derived from the word meaning rock, and layers of meaning Spere. Lithosphere is literally "stone layer" (the stone sphere). Lithosphere is a layer of rock / earth is round with skin thickness of approximately 1200 km. At this layer generally occurs from chemical compounds that are rich in Si02, that is why it is often called the lithosphere layer silicate layer and having an average thickness of 30 km that consists of two parts, the upper lithosphere (the mainland by about 35% or 1 / 3) and the lower lithosphere (the ocean by about 65% or 2/3 parts). According Klarke and Washington, rocks or on the surface of the earth's lithosphere is almost 75% consists of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
There are two types of lithosphere:· Oceanic lithosphere, which is related to the crust at the bottom of the ocean and samdura.· Continental lithosphere, which is associated with the continental crust.
B. Skin Forming Earth rocks
            Rock / stone is a kind of material consisting of mineral and explain to them according to mineral composition. Lithosphere is the layer of the uppermost crust is composed of rocks and minerals. Mother of all rock is magma. Magma is molten rock and the glow of high temperature and contains various minerals and gases.
Diefinisikan rock as all the ingredients that make up the earth's crust and is an aggregate (collection) of minerals that have been crystallize.

    Mineral content, ie the types of minerals contained in these rocks.
    The texture of the stone, the size and shape of the crystalline-crystalline minerals in the rock
    Stone structure, the composition of crystalline minerals in the rock
    Formation process

Based on the occurrence, rocks can be divided into three parts:
(1) Rock FrozenThis is because the cooling magma and incandescent liquid gradually became cold and frozen:(A) in frozen rocks (plutonic)The results of freezing magma in the lithosphere, so that the cooling process is very slow. Examples of igneous rocks in the granite, diotit, and gabbroProduces: igneous rock with large crystals of the full (holokristalin).
(B) Igneous rock excavation (porfirik)Pembekuannya is faster because the magma had seeped between the layers of the lithosphere. Igneous rock excavation occurred from magma that solidifies in the hallway between the kitchen and the surface of the earth's magma.
(C) Igneous rock out (episif)Magma is molten turn into larvae, and larvae of the freezing process in the earth's surface to be fast.Produces: molten igneous rock with fine crystal and some have not berkristal.
To distinguish igneous rocks with other rocks there are three main features as follows:

    Contain no fossils
    Its texture is dense, incompressible, homogeneous structure sarta with surface area equal in all directions
    The composition according to the formation

The texture of igneous rocks can be grouped into 3 types as follows

    Faneritik, a condition in the form of crystalline rocks.
    Forfiritik, yaitukondisi texture of the rocks containing fenikris (large crystals) are bound in a smooth mass basis.
    Afanitik, which left the rocks in the arrangement of crystal fine grain or gas wholly immaterial.

Based on texture, igneous rocks can be divided into two as follows

    Pluotonik igneous rocks are generally formed from magma freezing relatively more slowly so that the constituent minerals are relatively large. Examples such as gabbro, diorite, and granite
    Igneous rocks are generally formed from volcanic magma clots very quickly that the smaller the constituent minerals. Contihnya is basalt, andesite, and dacitea

(2) Sedimentary Rock (Sediment)Derived from igneous rock that have been uncovered by workers from outside will be transported to another place and at a new place that is then deposited. This rock is a rock that terbetuk by geomorphological processes and influenced by the length of time. Sedimentary rocks based on the formation process is divided into three as follows.

    Clastic sediments are formed by mechanical processes
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed through the deposition of materials that undergo a process of transportation

    Non-clastic sediments formed by a chemical process
Chemical sedimentary rocks through the process of precipitation of non-clastic larutan.sedimen distinguished on the basis of its composition. Non-clastic sediments that utamannya is limestone or dolomite. Non-clastic rocks as a result evaporit (yawn), among others, rock salt, denhidrit, and gypsum, are of organic elements is coal. Examples of chemical sedimentary rocks (non-clastic), among others, travertine, stalagmite, and stalactite.

    Organic Sediment
Organic sedimentary rock formed from the combination of the remnants of living things. Sedimentary rocks are formed through three main ways that other rock weathering (clastic), deposition (deposition) due to biogenic activity, and precipitation (precipitation) of the solution.
Sedimentary rocks have three characteristics that easily recognized as follows.a. Sedimentary rocks are usually multi-layeredb. Containing the remains or tracesc. Real uniformity of the parts are arranged round.
Sedimentary rocks are usually based on the cultivation of grains making up these rocks. Planting is as follows.

    Breccia
    Conglomerate
    Sandstone
    Silt stone
    Clay Stone
Based on the energy transport, sedimentary rocks are divided into the following sections

    Aeris sedimentary rocks or Aeolis, when removal caused by the wind, for example, soil loss
    Glacial sedimentary rocks, when the displacement is caused by a glacier, for example, conglomerate rock
    Aquatic sediment, when the displacement is caused by water, eg mud
    Marine sedimentary rocks, when the displacement caused by seawater

(3) Stone Metamorphosis or metamorphic rocksMetamorphosis of rocks or metamorphic rocks are the host rock that changed the texture and mineral composition of the solid phase as a result of changes in physical conditions of pressure, temperature, or pressure and temperature. Quartzite stone is the changes from sandstone. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, and skist.
Metamorphic rock up a large part of the earth's crust and are classified by texture and chemical composition of, and minerals (metamorphic facies). They form deep below the surface of the earth by the great sharpness of the rocks on it as well as pressure and high temperature.
C. Power of GeologyShape the earth's surface is the result of a geological force is divided into the following:

    Endogenous labor
Endogenous energy, energy that is in charge of forming a new formation on the surface of the earth into lpatan and fracture so that the surface of the earth is not flat anymore. Endogenous labor is divided into the following.
a. TektonismeTektonisme is the change in location or position of the earth layers horizontally or vertically. Tektonisme motion is divided into two as follows.A. Motion EpirogenesaEpirogenesa motion referred to the continent forming movements. Epirogenesa positive if the motion of sea level rise or move the shoreline landward. Epirogenesa motion is negative if the sea level has decreased or changed the shoreline towards the sea
Theories about the formation of the continent there are two kinds of the followinga. Descartes theory and SuesThis theory is known as the theory of contraction of the earth where the ball when it gets cold crimped, resulting in wrinkled skin of the earth as well, that's known as mountain folds.b. Wegener's theoryDisebu this theory to the theory of continental drift shift orc. Theory OrogenesaOrogenesa motion is called the mountain-forming movements, folds and faults. Orogenesa motion can also cause soil collapse or separate from one another. There are also the parts that actually tengelam or decreased called graben or slenk.

    Volcanism
Tectonic force can lead to symptoms of volcanism. Symptoms of volcanism associated with the activity of the release of magma in volcanoes. The release of magma to the surface of the Earth called volcanic eruptions. The process of volcanism due to magma comes out of the collision zone between the plates.
a. Magma intrusionMagma intrusion may result in the following forms.A. Batholit, the igneous rocks formed in the magma chamber2. Lakolit, the igneous rock which occurs in two layers of the lithosphere and its shape resembles a convex lens3. Keeping instrusi or silis, which inserts the frozen magma in the form of two layers of the lithosphere is thin and wide.4. Gang excavation, the rock magma intrusions that cut the layers of the lithosphere (crust)

b. Magma extrusionIf the magma volcanism activity can reach the earth's surface then this phenomenon is called the extrusion of magma, or in other words is a discharge of magma extrusion of magma to the surface of the earth. Materials issued by the volcano (volcanic material) Dapa divided into 3 groups as follows.A. Solid materials (efflata), which consists of a bomb (large boulders), lapilli (the size of gravel), sand, ash, dust.2. Liquid materials, in liquid form lava, hot lava, and lava cool.3. Gaseous materials (exhalation), the gases released volcanic gas sulfur could be called sulfatar, called fumaroles in the form of water vapor and carbon dioxide released when called mofet.
Signs of a volcano will erupt is the temperature in the vicinity of the crater rises, many water sources dry up, often resulting volcanic earthquake, many animals that move, and often heard the roar.
Influence of volcanism on human life can be beneficial and can be detrimental, a beneficial effect of volcanism as follows.

    Volcanic ash is released in the surrounding fertile agricultural land,
    Symptoms of post-volcanism is interesting attractions.
    Produce materials and producing mineral building materials
    High volcanic area is an area of ​​rain catcher, allowing the natural rain terjadinnya good effect on the ecosystem area.
Result of adverse events following volcanism.

    At the time of the eruption especially with hot lava, pyroclastic, or solid materials in large quantities would cause many casualties.
    Fatalities can occur due to toxic gas released in the event of eruption
    Materials emitted by volcanoes are sometimes stopped at the top and on the slopes as cold lava. This will damage the area in its path.


    Exogenous labor
Exogenous energy is energy from the outside world. Here is an example of an exogenous force.
a. ErosionErosion is the process of erosion that lasted very long. This erosion process is an example of an exogenous force.


A. Erosion by waterWater can cause erosion process. Water that can cause this erosion is moving water. Example of the erosion caused by water erosion is occurring on the beach, or better known as abrasion.2. Erosion by windWind occurs because of differences in temperature and pressure in two places, the result would be a blast of air from the temperate regions and high pressure to areas of low temperature and pressure.3. Erosion by glaciersErosion by glaciers is erosion caused by the movement of snow or ice. Erosion occurs in areas where there is snow cold temperature, for example in the polar regions.
b. WeatheringWeathering is the process of changing the structure of an object that was solid and since Eras become soft and hollow. The cause of the decay are of three kinds, namely physics, chemistry, and biology. Weathering because physics is the decay factor which is due to the physical strain of an object on the object that were weathered. Weathering caused by chemical factors, namely weathering that occurs because of the nature of a compound that can soften the chemical structure of an object.
c. TransportMaterial that has weathered would megalami transport by water, wind, moving ice, and gravity.A. Transport by flowing water, highly dependent on the type or size of a grain weight of the transported object.2. Transport by wind. Wind has a carrying capacity of water is not as strong.3. Transport by glaciers (ice). Glaciers transport large and small grained rocks4. The transport due to gravity, for example, occurs in soil in steep areas.
d. Deposition (sedimentation)Material carried by water, wind, or glaciers will eventually megendap somewhere. Deposition can occur in the mouth of the river, valleys, slopes, beaches, and more.